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云南高層建筑的配電工程,在供電可靠性設計上有哪些特殊要求?

來源: 時間:2025-08-19 17:49:53 瀏覽次數(shù):

高層建筑因用電負荷大(含住宅、商業(yè)、辦公等多元需求)、人員密集、功能復雜,停電可能引發(fā)安全風險(如電梯停運、消防系統(tǒng)失效),其配電工程在供電可靠性設計上有明確且嚴格的特殊要求,核心圍繞 “多源保障、負荷分級、冗余備份、快速恢復” 展開,具體如下:

高層建筑因用電負荷大(含住宅、商業(yè)、辦公等多元需求)、人員密集、功能復雜,停電可能引發(fā)安全風險(如電梯停運、消防系統(tǒng)失效),其配電工程在供電可靠性設計上有明確且嚴格的特殊要求,核心圍繞 “多源保障、負荷分級、冗余備份、快速恢復” 展開,具體如下:

 

一、供電電源:強制要求 “多回路 + 應急備用”,杜絕單源故障
高層建筑需采用雙重或多重電源供電,且電源需來自不同變電站或同一變電站的不同母線,避免單電源故障導致整體停電,具體要求分兩類:
常用電源:至少 2 路獨立高壓市電回路(如 10kV 雙回路),且需具備 “自動切換” 功能 —— 當一路電源故障時,另一路能在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)(通常≤0.5 秒)自動投入,保障核心負荷不中斷;
應急電源:必須配置獨立的應急電源,滿足停電時關鍵設備運行需求,常見形式包括:
柴油發(fā)電機:需與市電實現(xiàn) “互鎖”(防止反送電),且啟動時間≤30 秒,容量需覆蓋消防水泵、應急照明、電梯、排煙風機等一級負荷;
不間斷電源(UPS):用于計算機系統(tǒng)、應急指揮中心等對供電連續(xù)性要求極高(斷電容忍時間<10 毫秒)的負荷,確保零中斷;
儲能系統(tǒng):部分綠色建筑會搭配光伏 + 儲能,作為應急電源補充,提升可靠性與環(huán)保性。
二、負荷分級:按 “重要性” 差異化保障,優(yōu)先保安全
根據(jù)《民用建筑電氣設計標準》(GB 51348),高層建筑用電負荷需明確分級,不同級別負荷采用不同供電方案,核心是 “安全類負荷零中斷、基礎類負荷少中斷”:
一級負荷(絕對不能停):如消防水泵、應急照明、防排煙風機、電梯(至少 1 臺)、醫(yī)療建筑的生命支持系統(tǒng),需采用 “雙重電源 + 末端切換”(即每個用電設備端都有 2 路獨立電源切換),確保任一電源故障不影響運行;
二級負荷(盡量不停):如普通電梯、生活水泵、商業(yè)區(qū)域照明,需采用 “雙重電源”(如 2 路市電),可在配電房或樓層配電箱實現(xiàn)切換,允許極短時間(≤1 分鐘)中斷;
三級負荷(可停):如普通插座、非關鍵照明,可采用單路電源供電,停電時不影響安全。
三、配電系統(tǒng):“分層分區(qū) + 冗余設計”,減少故障范圍
高層建筑配電系統(tǒng)需避免 “一損俱損”,通過結(jié)構設計縮小故障影響,核心要求包括:
分層配電:按樓層或功能區(qū)(如低區(qū) 1-10 層、高區(qū) 11-20 層)設置 “樓層配電箱” 或 “分區(qū)配電房”,每區(qū)電源獨立,某一區(qū)故障僅影響該區(qū)域,不波及其他樓層;
設備冗余:關鍵配電設備(如變壓器、高壓開關柜、母線槽)需預留冗余 —— 例如 2 臺變壓器并列運行,每臺容量滿足 70% 總負荷,1 臺故障時,另一臺可臨時承擔全部負荷;母線槽需采用 “分段式”,每段之間設隔離開關,故障時可快速隔離;
線纜防護:配電電纜需選用阻燃或耐火型(如 ZR-YJV、NH-YJV),且敷設路徑避開火源、高溫區(qū)域(如廚房、鍋爐房),穿越樓板或墻體時需做防火封堵,防止火災導致線纜燒毀,擴大停電范圍。
四、監(jiān)控與應急:“實時監(jiān)測 + 快速處置”,縮短故障時間
可靠性設計不僅要 “防故障”,更要 “快恢復”,需配套完善的監(jiān)控與應急機制:
實時監(jiān)控:配電系統(tǒng)需接入 “智能電力監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)”,實時監(jiān)測電壓、電流、功率、設備溫度等參數(shù),一旦出現(xiàn)過負荷、短路、漏電等異常,立即報警并定位故障點(精確到樓層或回路),避免人工排查延誤時間;
應急照明保障:應急照明需采用 “常亮式” 或 “斷電自動點亮”,且連續(xù)照明時間≥90 分鐘(消防規(guī)范要求),同時設置清晰的疏散指示標志,確保停電時人員能安全疏散;
備用通道:電梯系統(tǒng)需至少保留 1 臺 “消防電梯”,其電源獨立且具備 “斷電應急平層” 功能 —— 停電時能自動將電梯??恐磷罱鼧菍娱_門,避免人員被困;此外,樓梯間應急照明需全覆蓋,確保步行疏散安全。
五、特殊場景:針對高區(qū)、消防的額外要求
高區(qū)供電:高層建筑高區(qū)(通常 20 層以上)因水壓、電壓損失大,需采用 “高區(qū)專用變壓器” 或 “升壓裝置”,確保電壓穩(wěn)定(偏差≤±5%),同時高區(qū)配電設備需考慮 “防雷接地”,避免雷擊導致電源故障;
消防聯(lián)動:配電系統(tǒng)需與消防系統(tǒng)聯(lián)動,如火災時自動切斷非消防電源(如普通照明、插座),優(yōu)先保障消防設備供電,且切換過程需 “無間斷”,防止消防設備因電源切換中斷。

云南朔銘電力工程有限公司

朔于滇 銘天下

電話

18468186818
0871-63369002

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